FAQ
SSS
There are many different opinions on the subject. Authorities recommend women in the average risk group to have a mammogram after the age of 40. If you are in a higher-risk group, it would be appropriate to talk to your doctor about starting mammograms earlier or about other test options that are appropriate for you.
Kegel exercises are the most effective natural way to control and prevent urinary incontinence. It is very easy to learn and apply them, and they are very useful. They were invented by Arnold Kegel and can be applied at any age. They prevent urinary incontinence and strengthen the pelvic floor by strengthening the bladder and vagina muscles, which we call the pelvic floor muscles. Although Kegel exercises are especially useful in stress urinary incontinence, they are also useful in other types of urinary incontinence. They are also useful in mixed-type incontinence (in situations where there is both stress and urgent urinary incontinence, and in overactive bladder). They are useful not only for women but also for men with urinary incontinence problems.
Hold your urine suddenly while urinating. In this way, you will stop the urine flow for 10 seconds by contracting the pelvic floor muscles. Then, urinate for 10 seconds and you will learn which muscles you are using in 7 to 10 days. After learning, do 10 sets 3-4 times a day, that is, hold for 10 seconds and release for 10 seconds. You can do this at any time of the day and anywhere without anyone noticing, while watching TV, cooking, eating, in bed or standing.
Both are benign formations. Polyps are formed when the tissue in the innermost layer of the uterus grows more than necessary towards the inside of the uterus and the cervix. Although most fibroids and polyps do not cause symptoms, they can sometimes cause complaints. The most common complaints are abnormal bleeding, inguinal and abdominal pain, feeling of fullness and pressure in the groin and abdomen, pain during sexual intercourse. Fibroids and polyps do not directly cause infertility, but they can affect fertility depending on their location. Because, depending on the location, they can make it difficult for the sperm and egg to pass through the tubes or prevent the embryo from settling in the uterus. As the fibroid grows, the endometrium layer on it is stretched and its blood supply is impaired. In this case, even if the embryo settles in the uterus, it may develop a miscarriage because it does not get enough blood. Medications or surgical methods are generally used in the treatment of fibroids. It is possible to remove polyps hysteroscopically.
Cervical cancer can be asymptomatic in its early stages. As stromal invasion progresses, the disease becomes clinically evident. It shows various growth patterns that can be seen on genital tract examination. Early lesions appear as rough, reddish granular areas that bleed on touch. These women with moderately advanced or advanced invasive cervical cancer often show one or more of the following symptoms. These symptoms are loss of appetite, weight loss, weakness, pelvic pain, back pain, leg pain, unilateral swollen leg, excessive bleeding from the vagina, urine or stool from the vagina, and bone fractures due to metastasis development. In addition, intermenstrual bleeding, postcoital bleeding, excessive seropurulent discharge, recurrent cystitis, low back pain, lower abdominal pain, edema in the lower extremities, obstructive uropathy, intestinal obstruction, dyspnea due to severe anemia, and cachexia are some other symptoms that can be seen. Especially in the presence of vaginal bleeding, the presence of malignancy (malignant tumor) should be considered. However, increased vaginal discharge and pain during sexual intercourse are also symptoms of cervical cancer. In the later stages of the disease, metastases can be seen in the abdomen, lungs and other regions.
More advanced cancers present as proliferating, blistering, mushroom- or cauliflower-like growing lesions with bleeding and foul-smelling discharge. Sometimes it is seen as a completely enlarged irregular cervix with a rough, granular surface without much superficial enlargement. As the invasion increases, the vagina, parametrium (connective tissue around the uterus), pelvic side walls, bladder and rectum are involved. Compression of the ureter due to advanced regional disease causes ureteral obstruction resulting in hydronephrosis and eventually, renal failure develops. In addition to regional invasion, metastases to regional lymph nodes occur. Metastatic cancer in the paraaortic lymph nodes may spread out of the lymph node capsule and directly involve the vertebrae and nerve roots, causing back pain. Direct spread of the branches of the sciatic nerve roots causes back, waist and leg pain, and compression of the pelvic wall veins and lymphatics causes edema in the legs. Distant metastases occur late in the disease, usually paraaortic nodes, lungs, liver, bone and other structures are involved.
Because the ovaries are on the inside of the groin, it is very difficult to diagnose ovarian cancer in the early stages. There is no screening test for women who have no complaints. Detection of a mass in this area during the gynecological examination allows the doctor to order some tests. One of these tests is ultrasound imaging. In this method, which is performed by placing a small instrument inside the vagina, the mass in the ovaries is detected. Immobility of this mass increases the risk of developing ovarian cancer. However, with this method, it cannot be determined whether the tumor is benign or malignant. To understand this, the doctor makes a small incision in the abdomen and views the ovaries with an instrument called a laparoscope. Meanwhile, he takes a small piece of the tumor. In addition, the high detection of CA-125, which is a cancer indicator, in blood tests, together with other tests, makes the diagnosis to a large extent. In addition, this test is very important in the follow-up of patients. Performing this test at regular intervals ensures that the response of the patients to the treatment and the possibility of recurrence are followed. But CA-125 is not only elevated in ovarian cancer. In cases such as ovarian cysts and infection, the level of this substance in the blood increases. For the definitive diagnosis of the disease, the part taken from the tumor should be examined in the pathology laboratory.
Obesity surgeries are not performed for aesthetic purposes, that is, to make the person look thinner. In order to be a candidate for gastric sleeve surgery, the person must fall into the category of morbidly obese. In the Body Mass Index (BMI), the standards of which are set by the World Health Organization, the degree of obesity is determined by dividing your weight by the square of your height (kg/m²). For gastric sleeve surgery, your BMI value, which is calculated based on your height and weight, is important, not how much you weigh.
Those with a body mass index over 40 kg/m² (morbidly obese).
Those who have a BMI between 35 and 40 and have problems such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension, and sleep apnea due to obesity may be considered morbidly obese and may need to undergo gastric reduction surgery.
In addition, patients with obesity-related "new" type 2 diabetes and metabolism disorders and BMI between 30 and 35 can also be operated on according to the decision made by the specialist doctor.
For the last 10-15 years, surgical methods have been used for the treatment of morbid obesity patients and successful results can be obtained. However, as in every surgical operation, there are various risks in bariatric surgery. For this reason, before deciding on the operation, the treatment method for each patient should be evaluated under the guidance of their doctor, and if possible, dietary therapy should be applied first. Surgical treatment methods are as follows:
Intragastric balloon placement
Gastric sleeve surgery (sleeve gastrectomy)
Gastric bypass
Like any surgery, gastric sleeve surgery, also known as stomach reduction, has some risks. Infection, blood clotting, embolism, leakage from the tube stomach or other anastomoses, formation of gallstones due to weight loss, malnutrition, sagging of the skin due to weight loss, depressions, dumping syndrome (foods and fluids taken after gastric bypass surgery are very quickly transferred to the intestine) are the complications of the surgery. These complications are more common in older people, those with blood clotting problems, or those who are extremely obese. If you follow the recommendations of your dietitian and doctor after the surgery, the likelihood of these complications will decrease.
Rapid weight loss is observed in the first 3 months. For example, up to 45 kilos can be lost in the first three months, but the exact amount can vary according to the type of surgery. Additional diseases related to obesity that are present before the surgery are either completely healed or are reduced to a degree that they are practically non-existent.
At least 1 week before the operation, the use of aspirin or aspirin-containing drugs and blood thinners should be discontinued. In addition to these, you should follow a diet as recommended by the physician starting from 24 to 48 hours before the operation. The patient remains under control in the hospital for a certain period of time after the surgery. In the meantime, the patient is given painkillers and is followed closely. During this process, attention is paid to fluid consumption and blood sugar is constantly controlled since post-operative metabolism is slow. After the surgery, we start with liquid foods and gradually pass to mashed and solid foods. For the post-surgery period, the dietitian prepares a special nutrition plan. This is planned in accordance with adequate and balanced nutrition. Portion sizes are smaller than the pre-operative diet because the stomach has shrunk.